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The word "Taoism" is used to translate different Chinese terms which refer to different aspects of the same tradition and semantic field: A study of major English dictionaries published in Great Britain and the United States found the most common Taoism glosses were /taʊ.ɪzəm/ in British sources and /daʊ.ɪzəm, taʊ.ɪzəm/ in American ones. Lexicography shows American and British English differences in pronouncing Taoism. In speech, Tao and Taoism are often pronounced /ˈtaʊ/ and ˈtaʊ.ɪzəm/, reading the Chinese unaspirated lenis ("weak") /t/ as the English voiceless stop consonant /t/. An investment book titled The Tao Jones Averages (a pun on the Dow Jones Indexes) illustrates this /daʊ/ pronunciation's widespread familiarity. In theory, both Wade-Giles tao and Pinyin dao are articulated identically, as are Taoism and Daoism. Daoism involves sinology, phonemes, loanwords, and politics - not to mention whether Taoism should be pronounced /ˈtaʊ.ɪzəm/ or /ˈdaʊ.ɪzəm/.ĭaoism is pronounced /ˈdaʊ.ɪzəm/, but English speakers disagree whether Taoism should be /ˈdaʊ.ɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊ.ɪzəm/. In linguistic terminology, English Taoism/Daoism is formed from the Chinese loanword tao/dao 道 "way route principle" and the native suffix -ism. The root Chinese word 道 "way, path" is romanized tao in the older Wade-Giles system and dào in the modern Pinyin system. Main article: Daoism-Taoism romanization issueĮnglish speakers continue to debate the preferred romanization of the words "Daoism" and "Taoism".
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Experience of the Tao is an irreducible element of the formation and transformation of Chinese experience of the ultimate".ħ.4 Relations with other religions and philosophies
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Taoism also has sizable communities in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan and in Southeast Asia.Ī Chinese philosopher defines Taoism thus: "early forms come from understanding and experience of the Tao. Today, Taoism is one of five religions officially recognized in China, and although it does not travel readily from its Asian roots, claims adherents in a number of societies. After the 17th century, however, it fell from favor. Throughout Chinese history, Taoism was several times nominated as a state religion. Beyond China, Taoism also had influence on surrounding societies in Asia.Īfter Laozi and Zhuangzi, the literature of Taoism grew steadily and was compiled in form of a canon-the Daozang-which was published at the behest of the emperor. Chinese alchemy (especially neidan), Chinese astrology, Chan (Zen) Buddhism, several martial arts, traditional Chinese medicine, feng shui, and many styles of qigong have been intertwined with Taoism throughout history. Taoism has had profound influence on Chinese culture in the course of the centuries, and clerics of institutionalised Taoism (Chinese: 道士 pinyin: dàoshi) usually take care to note distinction between their ritual tradition and the customs and practices found in Chinese folk religion as these distinctions sometimes appear blurred. Taoist propriety and ethics may vary depending on the particular school, but in general they tend to emphasize wu-wei (action through non-action), "naturalness", simplicity, spontaneity, and the Three Treasures: compassion, moderation, and humility. Together with the writings of Zhuangzi, these two texts build the philosophical foundation of Taoism deriving from the 8 Hexagrams of Fu Xi in the 2700s BCE in China. While Taoism drew its cosmological notions from the tenets of the School of Yin Yang, the Tao Te Ching, a compact and ambiguous book containing teachings attributed to Laozi (Chinese: 老子 pinyin: Lǎozǐ Wade-Giles: Lao Tzu), is widely considered its keystone work. The "way" becomes clear when one is in constant mediation with all thoughts being subconsciously regulated outside the state of mental stillness, although emotions will drive thoughts they remain an absolute choice. In Taoism, however, Tao denotes something that is both the source of, and the force behind, everything that exists. The term Tao means "way", "path" or "principle", and can also be found in Chinese philosophies and religions other than Taoism. Taoism (or Daoism) is a philosophical, ethical, political and religious tradition of Chinese origin that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (also romanized as Dao).